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      • Unit 1,2 & 12
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      • Option D: Medicinal Chemistry >
        • D.1 PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS AND DRUG ACTION
        • D.2 Aspirin and penicillin
        • D.3 Opiates
        • D.4 pH Regulation of the Stomach
        • D.5 Antiviral Medications
        • D.6 Environmental impact of some medications
        • D.7 Taxol- A Chiral Auxiliary Case Study
        • D.8 Nuclear Medicine
        • D.9 Drug Detection and Analysis
    • Biology SL >
      • Tips & Guides
      • TOPIC 1: CELL BIOLOGY >
        • 1.1 Introduction to cells
        • 1.2 Ultrastructure of Cells
        • 1.3 Membrane Structure
        • 1.4 Membrane Transport
        • 1.5 Origin of Cells
        • 1.6 Cell Division
      • TOPIC 2: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY >
        • 2.1 Molecules to metabolism
        • 2.2 Water
        • 2.3 Carbohydrates and Lipids
        • 2.4 Proteins
        • 2.5 Enzymes
        • 2.6 Structure of DNA and RNA
        • 2.7 DNA Replications, Transcription and Translation
        • 2.8 Cell Respiration
        • 2.9 Photosynthesis
      • Topic 3: Genetics >
        • 3.1 Genes
        • 3.2 Chromosomes
        • 3.3 Meiosis
        • 3.4 Inheritance
        • 3.5 Genetic Modification and Biotechnology
      • Topic 4: Ecology >
        • 4.1: Species, Communities and Ecosystems
        • 4.2 Energy Flow
        • 4.3 Carbon Cycling
        • 4.4 Climate Change
      • Topic 5: Evolution and Biodiversity >
        • 5.1 Evidence for evolution
        • 5.2 Natural Selection
        • 5.3 Classification and Biodiversity
        • 5.4 Cladistics
      • Topic 6: Human Physiology >
        • 6.1 Digestive System
        • 6.2 The blood system
        • 6.3 Defense against infectious disease
        • 6.4 Gas Exchange
        • 6.5 Neurons and Synapses
        • 6.6 Hormones, Homeostasis and Reproduction
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      • Topic 8: Energy Production
      • Option D: Astrophysics
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      • Tips & guide
      • Unit 1: Changing population
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      • Unit 3: Global resource consumption and security
      • Unit 4: Power, Places and Networks
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      • Unit 6: Global Risks and Resillience
      • Option A: Freshwater
      • Option B: Ocean and Coastal Margins
      • Option C: Extreme Environments
      • Option E: Leisure, tourism and sport
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      • Unit 1: Business Organization and Movement >
        • 1.1 Nature of Business
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        • 1.6 Growth and evolution
      • Unit 2: Human Resource Management >
        • 2.1 The functions and evolution of human resource management
        • 2.2 Organizational structure
        • 2.3 Leadership and management
        • 2.4 Motivation
      • Unit 3: Finance and Accounts >
        • 3.1 Sources of Finance
        • 3.2 Costs and Revenues
        • 3.3 Break-even analysis
        • 3.4 Final accounts
        • 3.5 Profitability and liquidity ratio analysis
        • 3.7 cash flow
      • Unit 4: Marketing >
        • 4.1 The role of marketing
        • 4.2 Marketing Planning
        • 4.4 Market Research
        • 4.5 The four ps
        • 4.8 E-commerce
      • Unit 5: Operations Management >
        • 5.1 The role of operations Management
        • 5.2 Production methods
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      • Topic 1: Measurements and Uncertainties
      • Topic 2: Mechanics
      • Topic 3: Thermal Physics
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      • Topic 5: Electricity and Magnetism
      • Topic 6: Circular Motion and Gravitation
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1.4 MEMBRANE TRANSPORT

1.4 Syllabus
Picture

U1. Particles move across membranes by simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis and active transport.

Passive Transport: Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
(Down the concentration gradient)
    →Simple diffusion: Passive transport of molecules through a membrane, without the need of protein channels 
   (Use any part of a membrane/ oxygen diffusion) 
    →Facilitated diffusion: Passive transport of molecules facilitated by channel proteins
   (Use Channels in the membrane/ Sodium or calcium transport) 
    →
Osmosis: Passive transport that is the movement of water from the area of low solute concentration to the area of high        solution concentration. ex) Water from soil to root

Related Question: 
Q. Outline the role of proteins in active and passive transport of molecules through membranes 

Answer: Membranes are permeable that allows diffusion. Diffusion is passive movement of particles from high to low concentration. No ATP is involved due to random motion of molecules. Diffusion continues until concentration are equal across the membrane. 
SIMPLE DIFFUSION VS FACILITATED DIFFUSION​
Picture

Active Transport: Movement of molecules from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration, with the use of energy ATP. (Against the concentration gradient) ​

Related Question: 
Q. Outline the role of proteins in active and passive transport of molecules through membranes 

Answer: Channel proteins allow diffusion/osmosis/passive transport. Large polar molecules cannot cross the hydrophobic membrane freely. Facilitated diffusion involves moving molecules through proteins down their concentration without requiring ATP. Aquaporins (specific integral membrane proteins) facilitate the movement of water molecules which is the osmosis. Some proteins for facilitated diffusion are specific to molecules. Active transport involves moving molecules through proteins against their concentration gradient requiring ATP. Some proteins in membrane are pumps which perform active transport (sodium potassium pump) 
PASSIVE TRANSPORT VS ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Picture

U2. The fluidity of membranes allows materials to be taken into cells by endocytosis or released by exocytosis. Vesicles move materials within cells.

Exocytosis: Transport of molecules from the golgi apparatus to the cell membrane, using a vesicle made of phospholipids which upon contact with the plasma membrane fuses with it and releases the content. 
Related Question: 
Q. Outline the process of exocytosis 

Answer: Vesicles carry material to plasma membrane. Vesicles fuses with membrane by joining or phospholipid bilayers aided by the fluidity of the membrane. Materials are released from the cell and membrane flattens. ex) Exocytosis of neurotransmitter 

​Endocytosis: Transport of molecules into the cell through invagination of the plasma membrane and formation of the phospholipid vesicle containing the molecule. 
Related Question: 
Q. Outline the process of endocytosis 

Answer: Endocytosis occurs when a membrane encloses a target particle. Fludity of membrane permits movement of membrane. Membrane sinks inwardly to enclose particle. Membrane seals back on itself. 2 phospholipid layers enclose particle moving vesicle. Inner phospholipid layer of original membrane becomes outer phospholipid layer of vesicle membrane. Outer phospholipid layer of vesicle membrane. Outer phospholipid layer of membrane becomes inner phospholipid layer of vesicle membrane. Vesicle breaks away from membrane and moves into cytoplasm. Changes in membrane shape require energy. ex) pinocytosis 
​

A1. Structure and function of the sodium-potassium pumps for active transport and potassium channels for facilitated diffusion in axons.

Osmolarity: Measurement of solute concentration of a sodium,
-Hypotonic: Solute concentration inside the cell is higher/ Water goes in/ Plant cell: Turgid/ Animal cell: Lysed (Burst)     
                      It has  relatively lower osmolarity
-Hypertonic: Solute concentration outside the cell is lower/ Water goes out/ Plant cell: Shrink/ Animal cell: Shrivel
                      It has relatively higher osmolarity

Related Question: 
Q. Outline the effects of putting plant tissue in a hypertonic solution

Answer: Hypertonic solution has higher solute concentration than the cells. Water moves out of the cells by osmosis into the hypertonic solution. Water moves from lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration. Cell becomes plasmolysed. Cell is no longer turgid. 
​

A2. ​Tissues or organs to be used in medical procedures must be bathed in a solution with the same osmolarity as the cytoplasm to prevent osmosis.

-The importance of osmotic control is preventing damage to cells and tissues.
-Common medical procedures in which an isotonic saline solution is useful:
• fluids introduction to a patient’s blood system via an intravenous drip, e.g for rehydration
• used to rinse wounds, skin abrasions etc.
• keep areas of damaged skin moist before applying skin grafts
• eye drops/wash
• frozen and used pack donor organs for transportation
=in order to keep the cells "fresh" and like ready to be placed into someones body they want to be put in an ISOTONIC solution before they're used
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  • Home
  • IB STUDY MATERIALS
    • Psychology SL/HL >
      • Tips & Guide
      • Biological Approach >
        • Brain and Behaviour
        • Hormones and Pheromones
        • Genetics and Evolution
        • HL Animal Research
      • Sociocultural Approach >
        • Individual and the group
        • Cultural Origins
        • Cultural Influences
        • HL Globalization
      • Cognitive Approach >
        • Cognitive Processing
        • Reliability of Cognitive Processes
        • Emotion and Cognition
        • HL Digital World
      • B. Human Relationships >
        • Personal Relationships
        • Group Dynamics
      • D. Developmental >
        • Developing as a Learner
        • Developing an Identity
      • Studies >
        • Biological Approach
        • Sociocultural Approach
        • Cognitive Approach
        • B. Human Relationships
        • D. Developmental
    • Chemistry SL/HL >
      • Tips & Guide
      • All Vocab Definitions
      • ALL EQUATIONS
      • Unit 1,2 & 12
      • Unit 3 &13
      • Unit 4 &14
      • Unit 5,6,7 & 15,16,17
      • Unit 8 & 18
      • Unit 9 & 19
      • Unit 10 & 20
      • Unit 11 & 21
      • Option D: Medicinal Chemistry >
        • D.1 PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS AND DRUG ACTION
        • D.2 Aspirin and penicillin
        • D.3 Opiates
        • D.4 pH Regulation of the Stomach
        • D.5 Antiviral Medications
        • D.6 Environmental impact of some medications
        • D.7 Taxol- A Chiral Auxiliary Case Study
        • D.8 Nuclear Medicine
        • D.9 Drug Detection and Analysis
    • Biology SL >
      • Tips & Guides
      • TOPIC 1: CELL BIOLOGY >
        • 1.1 Introduction to cells
        • 1.2 Ultrastructure of Cells
        • 1.3 Membrane Structure
        • 1.4 Membrane Transport
        • 1.5 Origin of Cells
        • 1.6 Cell Division
      • TOPIC 2: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY >
        • 2.1 Molecules to metabolism
        • 2.2 Water
        • 2.3 Carbohydrates and Lipids
        • 2.4 Proteins
        • 2.5 Enzymes
        • 2.6 Structure of DNA and RNA
        • 2.7 DNA Replications, Transcription and Translation
        • 2.8 Cell Respiration
        • 2.9 Photosynthesis
      • Topic 3: Genetics >
        • 3.1 Genes
        • 3.2 Chromosomes
        • 3.3 Meiosis
        • 3.4 Inheritance
        • 3.5 Genetic Modification and Biotechnology
      • Topic 4: Ecology >
        • 4.1: Species, Communities and Ecosystems
        • 4.2 Energy Flow
        • 4.3 Carbon Cycling
        • 4.4 Climate Change
      • Topic 5: Evolution and Biodiversity >
        • 5.1 Evidence for evolution
        • 5.2 Natural Selection
        • 5.3 Classification and Biodiversity
        • 5.4 Cladistics
      • Topic 6: Human Physiology >
        • 6.1 Digestive System
        • 6.2 The blood system
        • 6.3 Defense against infectious disease
        • 6.4 Gas Exchange
        • 6.5 Neurons and Synapses
        • 6.6 Hormones, Homeostasis and Reproduction
    • Physics SL >
      • Must-have Resources
      • Full Study Resources
      • Other Resources
      • Tips & Guide
      • IA, Lab Report
      • Topic 1: Measurements & Uncertainties
      • TOPIC 2: MECHANICS
      • TOPIC ​3: THERMAL PHYSICS
      • Topic 4: Waves
      • Topic 5: Electricity & Magnetism
      • Topic 6: Circular Motion & Gravitation
      • Topic 7: Atomic, Nuclear, & Particle Physics
      • Topic 8: Energy Production
      • Option D: Astrophysics
    • Geography SL/HL >
      • Tips & guide
      • Unit 1: Changing population
      • Unit 2: Global climate—vulnerability and resilience
      • Unit 3: Global resource consumption and security
      • Unit 4: Power, Places and Networks
      • Unit 5: Human Development and Diversity
      • Unit 6: Global Risks and Resillience
      • Option A: Freshwater
      • Option B: Ocean and Coastal Margins
      • Option C: Extreme Environments
      • Option E: Leisure, tourism and sport
    • Business SL/HL(pending) >
      • Tips & guides
      • Unit 1: Business Organization and Movement >
        • 1.1 Nature of Business
        • 1.2 Types of Organizations
        • 1.3 Organizational objectives
        • 1.4 Stakeholders
        • 1.5 External Environment
        • 1.6 Growth and evolution
      • Unit 2: Human Resource Management >
        • 2.1 The functions and evolution of human resource management
        • 2.2 Organizational structure
        • 2.3 Leadership and management
        • 2.4 Motivation
      • Unit 3: Finance and Accounts >
        • 3.1 Sources of Finance
        • 3.2 Costs and Revenues
        • 3.3 Break-even analysis
        • 3.4 Final accounts
        • 3.5 Profitability and liquidity ratio analysis
        • 3.7 cash flow
      • Unit 4: Marketing >
        • 4.1 The role of marketing
        • 4.2 Marketing Planning
        • 4.4 Market Research
        • 4.5 The four ps
        • 4.8 E-commerce
      • Unit 5: Operations Management >
        • 5.1 The role of operations Management
        • 5.2 Production methods
        • 5.4 Locations
    • Economics SL/HL (pending) >
      • Tips & guides
      • MICROECONOMICS >
        • 1.1 Competitive Markets: Demand and Supply
      • macroeconomics
    • Chinese B SL >
      • Oral Example
    • Extended Essay (EE) >
      • General Tips
      • Physics EE
    • Internal Assessment (IA) >
      • General Tips
    • Theory of Knowledge >
      • Essay Example
      • Presentation Example
    • Other notes >
      • Topic 1: Measurements and Uncertainties
      • Topic 2: Mechanics
      • Topic 3: Thermal Physics
      • Topic 4: Waves
      • Topic 5: Electricity and Magnetism
      • Topic 6: Circular Motion and Gravitation
      • Topic 7: Atomic, Nuclear and Particle Physics
      • Topic 8: Energy Production
      • Option D: Astrophysics
    • Other Citations
  • UNI application
    • United States
    • United Kingdom >
      • Academic Schools
      • Art & Design Schools
    • China
    • Japan
    • Hong Kong
    • Canada (pending)
    • Australia (pending)
  • our warm advice
    • academic advice!
    • Toxic Productivity
    • Finding Your Balance
    • Giving Up
    • YOLO?
    • Are grades important
    • Danger of Quotes
    • How to Destress
  • About us