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      • Option D: Medicinal Chemistry >
        • D.1 PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS AND DRUG ACTION
        • D.2 Aspirin and penicillin
        • D.3 Opiates
        • D.4 pH Regulation of the Stomach
        • D.5 Antiviral Medications
        • D.6 Environmental impact of some medications
        • D.7 Taxol- A Chiral Auxiliary Case Study
        • D.8 Nuclear Medicine
        • D.9 Drug Detection and Analysis
    • Biology SL >
      • Tips & Guides
      • TOPIC 1: CELL BIOLOGY >
        • 1.1 Introduction to cells
        • 1.2 Ultrastructure of Cells
        • 1.3 Membrane Structure
        • 1.4 Membrane Transport
        • 1.5 Origin of Cells
        • 1.6 Cell Division
      • TOPIC 2: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY >
        • 2.1 Molecules to metabolism
        • 2.2 Water
        • 2.3 Carbohydrates and Lipids
        • 2.4 Proteins
        • 2.5 Enzymes
        • 2.6 Structure of DNA and RNA
        • 2.7 DNA Replications, Transcription and Translation
        • 2.8 Cell Respiration
        • 2.9 Photosynthesis
      • Topic 3: Genetics >
        • 3.1 Genes
        • 3.2 Chromosomes
        • 3.3 Meiosis
        • 3.4 Inheritance
        • 3.5 Genetic Modification and Biotechnology
      • Topic 4: Ecology >
        • 4.1: Species, Communities and Ecosystems
        • 4.2 Energy Flow
        • 4.3 Carbon Cycling
        • 4.4 Climate Change
      • Topic 5: Evolution and Biodiversity >
        • 5.1 Evidence for evolution
        • 5.2 Natural Selection
        • 5.3 Classification and Biodiversity
        • 5.4 Cladistics
      • Topic 6: Human Physiology >
        • 6.1 Digestive System
        • 6.2 The blood system
        • 6.3 Defense against infectious disease
        • 6.4 Gas Exchange
        • 6.5 Neurons and Synapses
        • 6.6 Hormones, Homeostasis and Reproduction
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      • Topic 8: Energy Production
      • Option D: Astrophysics
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      • Tips & guide
      • Unit 1: Changing population
      • Unit 2: Global climate—vulnerability and resilience
      • Unit 3: Global resource consumption and security
      • Unit 4: Power, Places and Networks
      • Unit 5: Human Development and Diversity
      • Unit 6: Global Risks and Resillience
      • Option A: Freshwater
      • Option B: Ocean and Coastal Margins
      • Option C: Extreme Environments
      • Option E: Leisure, tourism and sport
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      • Unit 1: Business Organization and Movement >
        • 1.1 Nature of Business
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        • 1.6 Growth and evolution
      • Unit 2: Human Resource Management >
        • 2.1 The functions and evolution of human resource management
        • 2.2 Organizational structure
        • 2.3 Leadership and management
        • 2.4 Motivation
      • Unit 3: Finance and Accounts >
        • 3.1 Sources of Finance
        • 3.2 Costs and Revenues
        • 3.3 Break-even analysis
        • 3.4 Final accounts
        • 3.5 Profitability and liquidity ratio analysis
        • 3.7 cash flow
      • Unit 4: Marketing >
        • 4.1 The role of marketing
        • 4.2 Marketing Planning
        • 4.4 Market Research
        • 4.5 The four ps
        • 4.8 E-commerce
      • Unit 5: Operations Management >
        • 5.1 The role of operations Management
        • 5.2 Production methods
        • 5.4 Locations
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      • Topic 1: Measurements and Uncertainties
      • Topic 2: Mechanics
      • Topic 3: Thermal Physics
      • Topic 4: Waves
      • Topic 5: Electricity and Magnetism
      • Topic 6: Circular Motion and Gravitation
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2.2 WATER

2.2 Syllabus
Picture

U1. ​Water molecules are polar and hydrogen bonds form between them.

-Water is made up of two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to an oxygen atom (molecular formula = H2O)
-While this covalent bonding involves the unequal sharing of electrons, they are not shared equally between the atoms.
-Water is described as being polar because it has a slight charge difference across the different poles of the molecule
  • The oxygen atom is slightly negative (δ–) while the hydrogen atoms are slightly positive (δ+). Because of H2O molecules are bent rather than linear, 2 hydrogen atoms are on same side of molecule and form 1 pole and oxygen forms the opposite pole
  • Positive particles and negatively charged particles attract each other and form an ionic bond
  • Partial charges → Attraction less
​
Picture

U2. ​Hydrogen bonding and dipolarity explain the cohesive, adhesive, thermal and solvent properties of water.

-The dipolarity of a water molecule enables it to form polar associations with other charged molecules (polar or ionic)
1. Thermal Properties: Water can absorb much heat before changing state (requires breaking of hydrogen bonds).
  •  High specific heat capacity:
    →H bonds restrict the motion of H2O molecules and increases in temp of H2O require H bonds to be broken. Energy needed to           do this.    
  → So amount of energy needed to raise the temp of water is relatively large.
  →Water’s temp remains relatively stable in comparison to air or land so thermally stable habitat for aquatic organisms.
  • High latent heat of vaporization:
    → When molecule evaporates it separates from other molecules in liquid and becomes vapor molecule. Heat needed to do this        →Evaporation therefore has cooling effect. Considerable amounts of heat needed to evaporate H2O because H bonds have to             be broken.
    →This makes it god evaporative coolant. Sweating -> Example of use of water as coolant.
2. Cohesive Properties (Surface tension) 
    →It refers to binding together of 2 molecules of same type for instance two water molecules. They stick to each other due to H             bonding. The hydrogen bonding between water molecules allows the liquid to resist low levels of external force (surface                   tension)

   →It’s useful for H2O transport in plants.
   →Due to H bonding this rarely happens and water can be pulled up to top of tallest trees – over 100m.
3. Adhesive Properties (Capillary Action) 
    →H bonds can form between water and other polar molecules, causing water to stick to them = adhesion.
    →Property is useful in leaves where H2O adheres to cellulose molecules in cell walls. 
    →This capillary action is necessary to allow water to be transported up plant stems via a transpiration stream
4. Solvent Properties:
→ Water dissolves polar and ionic substances 
→Its partially negative oxygen pole is attracted to negatively charged ions, so both dissolve.

Related Question: 
Q. Properties of Water
Answer:
Good solvent: Due to polarity of water molecules and many different substances dissolve in it
Cohesion: Cohesion between adjacent water molecule due to hydrogen bonds
Heat: Large amount of energy needed to change temperature and energy needed to break H bonds
Cooling: High heat of vaporization and heat used it break H bonds so H2O can change to gas 
Great Density at 4 celsius degree: Allows ice to form on top of water 
​

U3. ​Substances can be hydrophilic or hydrophobic.

-Substances that freely associate and readily dissolve in water are characterized as hydrophilic (‘water loving’) -> Chemically attracted to water
  • Hydrophilic substances include all polar molecules and ions. All substances that dissolve in H2O are hydrophilic, including polar molecules
-Substances that do not freely associate or dissolve in water are characterized as hydrophobic (‘water-hating’). Are hydrophobic if they do not have negative or positive charges and are non-polar.
  • Hydrophobic substances include large, non-polar molecules (such as fats and oils)
​

A1. ​Comparison of the thermal properties of water with those of methane.

Picture

A2. Use of water as a coolant in sweat.

-Sweat is secreted by glands in skin and it is carried along narrow ducts to the surface of the skin where it spreads out. Heat needed for evaporation of water in sweat is taken from the tissues of the skin, reducing their temp. So blood flowing through the skin is cooled.
         →Effective method of cooling body because water has high latent heat of vaporization.
-Controlled by hypothalamus of brain. Has receptors that monitor blood temp and also receives sensory inputs from temp receptors in the skin.
-
The evaporation of water as sweat is a fundamental mechanism employed by humans as a means of cooling down

A3. ​Modes of transport of glucose, amino acids, cholesterol, fats. Oxygen, and sodium in blood in relations to their solubility in water.

-The transport of essential molecules within the bloodstream will depend on their solubility in water
  • Water soluble substances will usually be able to travel freely in the blood plasma, whereas water insoluble substances cannot
Water Soluble Substances
  • Sodium chloride (NaCl) is an ionic compound and its components (Na+ and Cl–) may be freely transported within the blood
  • Oxygen is soluble in water but in low amounts
Water Insoluble Substances
  • Lipids (fats and cholesterol) are non-polar and hydrophobic and hence will not dissolve in water
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  • Home
  • IB STUDY MATERIALS
    • Psychology SL/HL >
      • Tips & Guide
      • Biological Approach >
        • Brain and Behaviour
        • Hormones and Pheromones
        • Genetics and Evolution
        • HL Animal Research
      • Sociocultural Approach >
        • Individual and the group
        • Cultural Origins
        • Cultural Influences
        • HL Globalization
      • Cognitive Approach >
        • Cognitive Processing
        • Reliability of Cognitive Processes
        • Emotion and Cognition
        • HL Digital World
      • B. Human Relationships >
        • Personal Relationships
        • Group Dynamics
      • D. Developmental >
        • Developing as a Learner
        • Developing an Identity
      • Studies >
        • Biological Approach
        • Sociocultural Approach
        • Cognitive Approach
        • B. Human Relationships
        • D. Developmental
    • Chemistry SL/HL >
      • Tips & Guide
      • All Vocab Definitions
      • ALL EQUATIONS
      • Unit 1,2 & 12
      • Unit 3 &13
      • Unit 4 &14
      • Unit 5,6,7 & 15,16,17
      • Unit 8 & 18
      • Unit 9 & 19
      • Unit 10 & 20
      • Unit 11 & 21
      • Option D: Medicinal Chemistry >
        • D.1 PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS AND DRUG ACTION
        • D.2 Aspirin and penicillin
        • D.3 Opiates
        • D.4 pH Regulation of the Stomach
        • D.5 Antiviral Medications
        • D.6 Environmental impact of some medications
        • D.7 Taxol- A Chiral Auxiliary Case Study
        • D.8 Nuclear Medicine
        • D.9 Drug Detection and Analysis
    • Biology SL >
      • Tips & Guides
      • TOPIC 1: CELL BIOLOGY >
        • 1.1 Introduction to cells
        • 1.2 Ultrastructure of Cells
        • 1.3 Membrane Structure
        • 1.4 Membrane Transport
        • 1.5 Origin of Cells
        • 1.6 Cell Division
      • TOPIC 2: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY >
        • 2.1 Molecules to metabolism
        • 2.2 Water
        • 2.3 Carbohydrates and Lipids
        • 2.4 Proteins
        • 2.5 Enzymes
        • 2.6 Structure of DNA and RNA
        • 2.7 DNA Replications, Transcription and Translation
        • 2.8 Cell Respiration
        • 2.9 Photosynthesis
      • Topic 3: Genetics >
        • 3.1 Genes
        • 3.2 Chromosomes
        • 3.3 Meiosis
        • 3.4 Inheritance
        • 3.5 Genetic Modification and Biotechnology
      • Topic 4: Ecology >
        • 4.1: Species, Communities and Ecosystems
        • 4.2 Energy Flow
        • 4.3 Carbon Cycling
        • 4.4 Climate Change
      • Topic 5: Evolution and Biodiversity >
        • 5.1 Evidence for evolution
        • 5.2 Natural Selection
        • 5.3 Classification and Biodiversity
        • 5.4 Cladistics
      • Topic 6: Human Physiology >
        • 6.1 Digestive System
        • 6.2 The blood system
        • 6.3 Defense against infectious disease
        • 6.4 Gas Exchange
        • 6.5 Neurons and Synapses
        • 6.6 Hormones, Homeostasis and Reproduction
    • Physics SL >
      • Must-have Resources
      • Full Study Resources
      • Other Resources
      • Tips & Guide
      • IA, Lab Report
      • Topic 1: Measurements & Uncertainties
      • TOPIC 2: MECHANICS
      • TOPIC ​3: THERMAL PHYSICS
      • Topic 4: Waves
      • Topic 5: Electricity & Magnetism
      • Topic 6: Circular Motion & Gravitation
      • Topic 7: Atomic, Nuclear, & Particle Physics
      • Topic 8: Energy Production
      • Option D: Astrophysics
    • Geography SL/HL >
      • Tips & guide
      • Unit 1: Changing population
      • Unit 2: Global climate—vulnerability and resilience
      • Unit 3: Global resource consumption and security
      • Unit 4: Power, Places and Networks
      • Unit 5: Human Development and Diversity
      • Unit 6: Global Risks and Resillience
      • Option A: Freshwater
      • Option B: Ocean and Coastal Margins
      • Option C: Extreme Environments
      • Option E: Leisure, tourism and sport
    • Business SL/HL(pending) >
      • Tips & guides
      • Unit 1: Business Organization and Movement >
        • 1.1 Nature of Business
        • 1.2 Types of Organizations
        • 1.3 Organizational objectives
        • 1.4 Stakeholders
        • 1.5 External Environment
        • 1.6 Growth and evolution
      • Unit 2: Human Resource Management >
        • 2.1 The functions and evolution of human resource management
        • 2.2 Organizational structure
        • 2.3 Leadership and management
        • 2.4 Motivation
      • Unit 3: Finance and Accounts >
        • 3.1 Sources of Finance
        • 3.2 Costs and Revenues
        • 3.3 Break-even analysis
        • 3.4 Final accounts
        • 3.5 Profitability and liquidity ratio analysis
        • 3.7 cash flow
      • Unit 4: Marketing >
        • 4.1 The role of marketing
        • 4.2 Marketing Planning
        • 4.4 Market Research
        • 4.5 The four ps
        • 4.8 E-commerce
      • Unit 5: Operations Management >
        • 5.1 The role of operations Management
        • 5.2 Production methods
        • 5.4 Locations
    • Economics SL/HL (pending) >
      • Tips & guides
      • MICROECONOMICS >
        • 1.1 Competitive Markets: Demand and Supply
      • macroeconomics
    • Chinese B SL >
      • Oral Example
    • Extended Essay (EE) >
      • General Tips
      • Physics EE
    • Internal Assessment (IA) >
      • General Tips
    • Theory of Knowledge >
      • Essay Example
      • Presentation Example
    • Other notes >
      • Topic 1: Measurements and Uncertainties
      • Topic 2: Mechanics
      • Topic 3: Thermal Physics
      • Topic 4: Waves
      • Topic 5: Electricity and Magnetism
      • Topic 6: Circular Motion and Gravitation
      • Topic 7: Atomic, Nuclear and Particle Physics
      • Topic 8: Energy Production
      • Option D: Astrophysics
    • Other Citations
  • UNI application
    • United States
    • United Kingdom >
      • Academic Schools
      • Art & Design Schools
    • China
    • Japan
    • Hong Kong
    • Canada (pending)
    • Australia (pending)
  • our warm advice
    • academic advice!
    • Toxic Productivity
    • Finding Your Balance
    • Giving Up
    • YOLO?
    • Are grades important
    • Danger of Quotes
    • How to Destress
  • About us