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      • TOPIC 1: CELL BIOLOGY >
        • 1.1 Introduction to cells
        • 1.2 Ultrastructure of Cells
        • 1.3 Membrane Structure
        • 1.4 Membrane Transport
        • 1.5 Origin of Cells
        • 1.6 Cell Division
      • TOPIC 2: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY >
        • 2.1 Molecules to metabolism
        • 2.2 Water
        • 2.3 Carbohydrates and Lipids
        • 2.4 Proteins
        • 2.5 Enzymes
        • 2.6 Structure of DNA and RNA
        • 2.7 DNA Replications, Transcription and Translation
        • 2.8 Cell Respiration
        • 2.9 Photosynthesis
      • Topic 3: Genetics >
        • 3.1 Genes
        • 3.2 Chromosomes
        • 3.3 Meiosis
        • 3.4 Inheritance
        • 3.5 Genetic Modification and Biotechnology
      • Topic 4: Ecology >
        • 4.1: Species, Communities and Ecosystems
        • 4.2 Energy Flow
        • 4.3 Carbon Cycling
        • 4.4 Climate Change
      • Topic 5: Evolution and Biodiversity >
        • 5.1 Evidence for evolution
        • 5.2 Natural Selection
        • 5.3 Classification and Biodiversity
        • 5.4 Cladistics
      • Topic 6: Human Physiology >
        • 6.1 Digestive System
        • 6.2 The blood system
        • 6.3 Defense against infectious disease
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        • 6.6 Hormones, Homeostasis and Reproduction
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      • Option A: Freshwater
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        • 3.7 cash flow
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2.5 Enzymes

2.5 Syllabus 
Picture

U1. Enzymes have an active site to which specific substrates bind

-Enzyme: Globular proteins that works as catalysts  → Speed up chemical reactions without being altered themselves
                 =Biological Catalysts
                 =Substance that enzymes convert into products in these reactions are called substrates. 

-Enzymes only catalyze one biochemical reaction and thousands of reactions take place in cells, almost all of them needs to be catalyzed. 
    →Enzyme-substrate specificity
    →Big difference between biochemical catalysts & non-biochemical catalysts (metal)
  • Speeding up reactions
1. Substrate binds to a special region on the surface of the enzyme called active site
2. Shape and chemical properties of the active site and the substrate match each other 
     → Substrate bind, not other substances. Forms enzyme-substrate complex. 
3. Substrate converted into products while they are bound to the active site and products are then released
​     → Freeing the active site to catalyze another reaction

U2. Enzyme catalysts involves molecular motion and the collision of substrates with the active site

  • Three stages
1. Substrate binds to the active site of enzyme. Some enzymes have two substrates that bind to different parts of the active site 
2. Substances are bound to the active site, they change into different chemical 
3. Products separate from the active site, leaving it vacant for substrates to bind again. 
  • The substrate molecule can only bind to the active site if it moves very close to it
  • Collision: Substrate molecule comes together to  active site
               → Substrates are dissolved in water around the enzyme  → Water is lost + freely moving
               →Both substrate and enzyme are freely  moving
               →Substrates are usually smaller than enzymes = moves faster
               →When they collide = Successful collusion, causing it to work
​

U3. Temperature, pH and substrate concentration affect the rate of activity 

1. Temperature 
     →When heated, particles are given more kinetic energy. Enzyme + substrates will move around faster at higher temperature of chance of a substrate molecule colliding with active site of the enzymes is increased  → increased enzyme activity. 
     →When heated at high temperature, enzyme vibrate and chance of bonds breaking is increased. Bond break  → enzyme change structures with active site. 

2. pH 
     → Lower pH = Acidic = More presence of hydrogen ions
     → Higher pH = Alkaline 
- Most enzymes have optimum pH => Activity is highest
-If pH changed from optimum = Enzyme activity decreases then eventually stops. 
-Enzymes do not have same pH optimum -> Very dependent on the environment n which enzymes work 

3. Concentration
  • Enzymes cannot catalyze reactions until the substrate binds to active site. 
             → Happens due to random movement of molecules in liquid
-When on enzymes is bound, it cannot bind until it has lost the original one. 
    →Active site occupied
-When substrate concentration increases, enzymes can bind very quickly with it as there are many  → Rate increases
-If there're too many, no more effect, as enzymes can can do that to much work 


Picture

U4. Enzymes can be denatured

-Enzymes are globular protein and like other proteins, their structure can be irreversibly altered by certain conditions 
  => Denaturation of enzyme caused by pH or temperature

-Denatured enzyme = active site is altered, so the substrate can no longer bind
    → If it binds, catalyze does not occur
    → In many cases, denatured enzymes become insoluble in water and form a precipitate 

U5. Immobilized enzymes are widely used in industry

-Immobilized=Attached to another material, so the movement is restricted 
ex) Attaching enzymes to a glass surface, trapping the in an alginate gel. 
  • Advantages of enzyme immobilization
1. Presents combination of enzyme + product  → separated
2. Enzyme will not be washed away = Recycled
3. Enzymes more long-lasting = Protected by the one connected ones, so they won't need to be replaced constantly 
4. Substrates can be exposed to higher enzyme concentration 

A1. Methods of production of Lactose-free milk and its advantages

  • Some people lactose intolerant 
 → Unable to produce lactose
 →Cannot digest milk or sugar
 →Lactose passes on to their large intestines without being hydrolyzed to its constituent monosaccharides
 →Bacteria feeds on lactose  → provides fatty acids and methane, causing diarrhea. 
Lactose  --- Lactase  → Glucose + Galactose 
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  • Home
  • IB STUDY MATERIALS
    • Psychology SL/HL >
      • Tips & Guide
      • Biological Approach >
        • Brain and Behaviour
        • Hormones and Pheromones
        • Genetics and Evolution
        • HL Animal Research
      • Sociocultural Approach >
        • Individual and the group
        • Cultural Origins
        • Cultural Influences
        • HL Globalization
      • Cognitive Approach >
        • Cognitive Processing
        • Reliability of Cognitive Processes
        • Emotion and Cognition
        • HL Digital World
      • B. Human Relationships >
        • Personal Relationships
        • Group Dynamics
      • D. Developmental >
        • Developing as a Learner
        • Developing an Identity
      • Studies >
        • Biological Approach
        • Sociocultural Approach
        • Cognitive Approach
        • B. Human Relationships
        • D. Developmental
    • Chemistry SL/HL >
      • Tips & Guide
      • All Vocab Definitions
      • ALL EQUATIONS
      • Unit 1,2 & 12
      • Unit 3 &13
      • Unit 4 &14
      • Unit 5,6,7 & 15,16,17
      • Unit 8 & 18
      • Unit 9 & 19
      • Unit 10 & 20
      • Unit 11 & 21
      • Option D: Medicinal Chemistry >
        • D.1 PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS AND DRUG ACTION
        • D.2 Aspirin and penicillin
        • D.3 Opiates
        • D.4 pH Regulation of the Stomach
        • D.5 Antiviral Medications
        • D.6 Environmental impact of some medications
        • D.7 Taxol- A Chiral Auxiliary Case Study
        • D.8 Nuclear Medicine
        • D.9 Drug Detection and Analysis
    • Biology SL >
      • Tips & Guides
      • TOPIC 1: CELL BIOLOGY >
        • 1.1 Introduction to cells
        • 1.2 Ultrastructure of Cells
        • 1.3 Membrane Structure
        • 1.4 Membrane Transport
        • 1.5 Origin of Cells
        • 1.6 Cell Division
      • TOPIC 2: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY >
        • 2.1 Molecules to metabolism
        • 2.2 Water
        • 2.3 Carbohydrates and Lipids
        • 2.4 Proteins
        • 2.5 Enzymes
        • 2.6 Structure of DNA and RNA
        • 2.7 DNA Replications, Transcription and Translation
        • 2.8 Cell Respiration
        • 2.9 Photosynthesis
      • Topic 3: Genetics >
        • 3.1 Genes
        • 3.2 Chromosomes
        • 3.3 Meiosis
        • 3.4 Inheritance
        • 3.5 Genetic Modification and Biotechnology
      • Topic 4: Ecology >
        • 4.1: Species, Communities and Ecosystems
        • 4.2 Energy Flow
        • 4.3 Carbon Cycling
        • 4.4 Climate Change
      • Topic 5: Evolution and Biodiversity >
        • 5.1 Evidence for evolution
        • 5.2 Natural Selection
        • 5.3 Classification and Biodiversity
        • 5.4 Cladistics
      • Topic 6: Human Physiology >
        • 6.1 Digestive System
        • 6.2 The blood system
        • 6.3 Defense against infectious disease
        • 6.4 Gas Exchange
        • 6.5 Neurons and Synapses
        • 6.6 Hormones, Homeostasis and Reproduction
    • Physics SL >
      • Must-have Resources
      • Full Study Resources
      • Other Resources
      • Tips & Guide
      • IA, Lab Report
      • Topic 1: Measurements & Uncertainties
      • TOPIC 2: MECHANICS
      • TOPIC ​3: THERMAL PHYSICS
      • Topic 4: Waves
      • Topic 5: Electricity & Magnetism
      • Topic 6: Circular Motion & Gravitation
      • Topic 7: Atomic, Nuclear, & Particle Physics
      • Topic 8: Energy Production
      • Option D: Astrophysics
    • Geography SL/HL >
      • Tips & guide
      • Unit 1: Changing population
      • Unit 2: Global climate—vulnerability and resilience
      • Unit 3: Global resource consumption and security
      • Unit 4: Power, Places and Networks
      • Unit 5: Human Development and Diversity
      • Unit 6: Global Risks and Resillience
      • Option A: Freshwater
      • Option B: Ocean and Coastal Margins
      • Option C: Extreme Environments
      • Option E: Leisure, tourism and sport
    • Business SL/HL(pending) >
      • Tips & guides
      • Unit 1: Business Organization and Movement >
        • 1.1 Nature of Business
        • 1.2 Types of Organizations
        • 1.3 Organizational objectives
        • 1.4 Stakeholders
        • 1.5 External Environment
        • 1.6 Growth and evolution
      • Unit 2: Human Resource Management >
        • 2.1 The functions and evolution of human resource management
        • 2.2 Organizational structure
        • 2.3 Leadership and management
        • 2.4 Motivation
      • Unit 3: Finance and Accounts >
        • 3.1 Sources of Finance
        • 3.2 Costs and Revenues
        • 3.3 Break-even analysis
        • 3.4 Final accounts
        • 3.5 Profitability and liquidity ratio analysis
        • 3.7 cash flow
      • Unit 4: Marketing >
        • 4.1 The role of marketing
        • 4.2 Marketing Planning
        • 4.4 Market Research
        • 4.5 The four ps
        • 4.8 E-commerce
      • Unit 5: Operations Management >
        • 5.1 The role of operations Management
        • 5.2 Production methods
        • 5.4 Locations
    • Economics SL/HL (pending) >
      • Tips & guides
      • MICROECONOMICS >
        • 1.1 Competitive Markets: Demand and Supply
      • macroeconomics
    • Chinese B SL >
      • Oral Example
    • Extended Essay (EE) >
      • General Tips
      • Physics EE
    • Internal Assessment (IA) >
      • General Tips
    • Theory of Knowledge >
      • Essay Example
      • Presentation Example
    • Other notes >
      • Topic 1: Measurements and Uncertainties
      • Topic 2: Mechanics
      • Topic 3: Thermal Physics
      • Topic 4: Waves
      • Topic 5: Electricity and Magnetism
      • Topic 6: Circular Motion and Gravitation
      • Topic 7: Atomic, Nuclear and Particle Physics
      • Topic 8: Energy Production
      • Option D: Astrophysics
    • Other Citations
  • UNI application
    • United States
    • United Kingdom >
      • Academic Schools
      • Art & Design Schools
    • China
    • Japan
    • Hong Kong
    • Canada (pending)
    • Australia (pending)
  • our warm advice
    • academic advice!
    • Toxic Productivity
    • Finding Your Balance
    • Giving Up
    • YOLO?
    • Are grades important
    • Danger of Quotes
    • How to Destress
  • About us