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      • TOPIC 1: CELL BIOLOGY >
        • 1.1 Introduction to cells
        • 1.2 Ultrastructure of Cells
        • 1.3 Membrane Structure
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        • 1.6 Cell Division
      • TOPIC 2: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY >
        • 2.1 Molecules to metabolism
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        • 2.6 Structure of DNA and RNA
        • 2.7 DNA Replications, Transcription and Translation
        • 2.8 Cell Respiration
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        • 3.1 Genes
        • 3.2 Chromosomes
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        • 4.1: Species, Communities and Ecosystems
        • 4.2 Energy Flow
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        • 4.4 Climate Change
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        • 5.1 Evidence for evolution
        • 5.2 Natural Selection
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        • 6.1 Digestive System
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2.6 Structure of DNA and RNA

2.6 Syllabus
Picture

U1. The nucleic acids DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides.

Picture
-Helocase enzyme → Need energy to break the H bonds
-Job of DNA polymerase: To add free nucleotide
-When it pairs: complementary base pair takes place
  • Nucleic acids
-Extracted from the nuclei of cells ,
-Two types: 1. DNA 2. RNA
-Very large molecules that are constructed by linking together nucleotides to form a polymer

- Consists of three parts:
1. Sugar: Five carbon atoms (ribose sugar) = pentose sugar
2. Phosphate: Acidic, negatively-charged part of nucleic acids – DNA/ RNA, nucleic tide (single structure)
3. Base: contains nitrogen and either one or two rings of atoms in its structure

-Base and phosphate linked by covalent bonds 
-To link nucleotides together into chain or polymer, covalent bonds are formed between phosphate of one nucleotide and pentose sugar of next nucleotide
  →Creates a strong backbone for molecule of alternating sugar and phosphate groups, with base linked to each sugar.

-There r four different bases in DNA and RNA which means four nucleotides.
→ four different nucleotides can be linked together in any sequence since phosphate and sugar used to link them are the same in every nucleotide.
​
-Nuclei acids acting as a store of genetic information
-Base Sequence: store of information
-Sugar phosphate backbone: ensures that the store is stable and secure

U2. DNA differs from RNA in the number of strands normally present, the base composition and the type of pentose

Picture
1. Sugar within DNA: Deoxyribose (One fewer oxygen)Sugar in RNA: Ribose
2. DNA: Two polymers/strands of nucleotides=Double strandedRNA: ONE = single stranded
3. Four bases in DNA= Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine         
   Four bases in RNA=   Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine,  Uracil
​

U3. DNA is a double helix made of 2 antiparallel strands of nucleotides linked by hydrogen bonding between complementary base pairs

  1. Each strand consists of chain of nucleotides linked by covalent bonds
  2. Two strands are parallel but run in opposite directions so it is antiparallel. One stand oriented in direction 5-3 and other is    3-5
  3. 2 strands are wound together to form a double helix
  4. Strands are held together by H bonds between the Nitrogenous bases. A-T/ G-C =Complementary base pairing
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  • Home
  • IB STUDY MATERIALS
    • Psychology SL/HL >
      • Tips & Guide
      • Biological Approach >
        • Brain and Behaviour
        • Hormones and Pheromones
        • Genetics and Evolution
        • HL Animal Research
      • Sociocultural Approach >
        • Individual and the group
        • Cultural Origins
        • Cultural Influences
        • HL Globalization
      • Cognitive Approach >
        • Cognitive Processing
        • Reliability of Cognitive Processes
        • Emotion and Cognition
        • HL Digital World
      • B. Human Relationships >
        • Personal Relationships
        • Group Dynamics
      • D. Developmental >
        • Developing as a Learner
        • Developing an Identity
      • Studies >
        • Biological Approach
        • Sociocultural Approach
        • Cognitive Approach
        • B. Human Relationships
        • D. Developmental
    • Chemistry SL/HL >
      • Tips & Guide
      • All Vocab Definitions
      • ALL EQUATIONS
      • Unit 1,2 & 12
      • Unit 3 &13
      • Unit 4 &14
      • Unit 5,6,7 & 15,16,17
      • Unit 8 & 18
      • Unit 9 & 19
      • Unit 10 & 20
      • Unit 11 & 21
      • Option D: Medicinal Chemistry >
        • D.1 PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS AND DRUG ACTION
        • D.2 Aspirin and penicillin
        • D.3 Opiates
        • D.4 pH Regulation of the Stomach
        • D.5 Antiviral Medications
        • D.6 Environmental impact of some medications
        • D.7 Taxol- A Chiral Auxiliary Case Study
        • D.8 Nuclear Medicine
        • D.9 Drug Detection and Analysis
    • Biology SL >
      • Tips & Guides
      • TOPIC 1: CELL BIOLOGY >
        • 1.1 Introduction to cells
        • 1.2 Ultrastructure of Cells
        • 1.3 Membrane Structure
        • 1.4 Membrane Transport
        • 1.5 Origin of Cells
        • 1.6 Cell Division
      • TOPIC 2: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY >
        • 2.1 Molecules to metabolism
        • 2.2 Water
        • 2.3 Carbohydrates and Lipids
        • 2.4 Proteins
        • 2.5 Enzymes
        • 2.6 Structure of DNA and RNA
        • 2.7 DNA Replications, Transcription and Translation
        • 2.8 Cell Respiration
        • 2.9 Photosynthesis
      • Topic 3: Genetics >
        • 3.1 Genes
        • 3.2 Chromosomes
        • 3.3 Meiosis
        • 3.4 Inheritance
        • 3.5 Genetic Modification and Biotechnology
      • Topic 4: Ecology >
        • 4.1: Species, Communities and Ecosystems
        • 4.2 Energy Flow
        • 4.3 Carbon Cycling
        • 4.4 Climate Change
      • Topic 5: Evolution and Biodiversity >
        • 5.1 Evidence for evolution
        • 5.2 Natural Selection
        • 5.3 Classification and Biodiversity
        • 5.4 Cladistics
      • Topic 6: Human Physiology >
        • 6.1 Digestive System
        • 6.2 The blood system
        • 6.3 Defense against infectious disease
        • 6.4 Gas Exchange
        • 6.5 Neurons and Synapses
        • 6.6 Hormones, Homeostasis and Reproduction
    • Physics SL >
      • Must-have Resources
      • Full Study Resources
      • Other Resources
      • Tips & Guide
      • IA, Lab Report
      • Topic 1: Measurements & Uncertainties
      • TOPIC 2: MECHANICS
      • TOPIC ​3: THERMAL PHYSICS
      • Topic 4: Waves
      • Topic 5: Electricity & Magnetism
      • Topic 6: Circular Motion & Gravitation
      • Topic 7: Atomic, Nuclear, & Particle Physics
      • Topic 8: Energy Production
      • Option D: Astrophysics
    • Geography SL/HL >
      • Tips & guide
      • Unit 1: Changing population
      • Unit 2: Global climate—vulnerability and resilience
      • Unit 3: Global resource consumption and security
      • Unit 4: Power, Places and Networks
      • Unit 5: Human Development and Diversity
      • Unit 6: Global Risks and Resillience
      • Option A: Freshwater
      • Option B: Ocean and Coastal Margins
      • Option C: Extreme Environments
      • Option E: Leisure, tourism and sport
    • Business SL/HL(pending) >
      • Tips & guides
      • Unit 1: Business Organization and Movement >
        • 1.1 Nature of Business
        • 1.2 Types of Organizations
        • 1.3 Organizational objectives
        • 1.4 Stakeholders
        • 1.5 External Environment
        • 1.6 Growth and evolution
      • Unit 2: Human Resource Management >
        • 2.1 The functions and evolution of human resource management
        • 2.2 Organizational structure
        • 2.3 Leadership and management
        • 2.4 Motivation
      • Unit 3: Finance and Accounts >
        • 3.1 Sources of Finance
        • 3.2 Costs and Revenues
        • 3.3 Break-even analysis
        • 3.4 Final accounts
        • 3.5 Profitability and liquidity ratio analysis
        • 3.7 cash flow
      • Unit 4: Marketing >
        • 4.1 The role of marketing
        • 4.2 Marketing Planning
        • 4.4 Market Research
        • 4.5 The four ps
        • 4.8 E-commerce
      • Unit 5: Operations Management >
        • 5.1 The role of operations Management
        • 5.2 Production methods
        • 5.4 Locations
    • Economics SL/HL (pending) >
      • Tips & guides
      • MICROECONOMICS >
        • 1.1 Competitive Markets: Demand and Supply
      • macroeconomics
    • Chinese B SL >
      • Oral Example
    • Extended Essay (EE) >
      • General Tips
      • Physics EE
    • Internal Assessment (IA) >
      • General Tips
    • Theory of Knowledge >
      • Essay Example
      • Presentation Example
    • Other notes >
      • Topic 1: Measurements and Uncertainties
      • Topic 2: Mechanics
      • Topic 3: Thermal Physics
      • Topic 4: Waves
      • Topic 5: Electricity and Magnetism
      • Topic 6: Circular Motion and Gravitation
      • Topic 7: Atomic, Nuclear and Particle Physics
      • Topic 8: Energy Production
      • Option D: Astrophysics
    • Other Citations
  • UNI application
    • United States
    • United Kingdom >
      • Academic Schools
      • Art & Design Schools
    • China
    • Japan
    • Hong Kong
    • Canada (pending)
    • Australia (pending)
  • our warm advice
    • academic advice!
    • Toxic Productivity
    • Finding Your Balance
    • Giving Up
    • YOLO?
    • Are grades important
    • Danger of Quotes
    • How to Destress
  • About us