2.8 Syllabus
U1. Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP
Glucose + oxygen →Carbon dioxide + water + Energy (ATP)
-Organic compounds are broken down to release energy which can be used in cell
-Human: Source of organic compounds broken down in cell respiration is the food that we eat
-Cell respiration carried out using enzymes carefully -> As much as possible of energy released is retained in a usable form. -> This form is chemical substance (ATP)
-To make ATP, phosphate group is linked to ADP and energy required to carry out this reaction and comes from breakdown of organic compounds.
-ATP not transferred from cell to cell and all cell needs continuous supply and this is why cell respiration being an essential function of life in all cells.
-Organic compounds are broken down to release energy which can be used in cell
-Human: Source of organic compounds broken down in cell respiration is the food that we eat
-Cell respiration carried out using enzymes carefully -> As much as possible of energy released is retained in a usable form. -> This form is chemical substance (ATP)
-To make ATP, phosphate group is linked to ADP and energy required to carry out this reaction and comes from breakdown of organic compounds.
-ATP not transferred from cell to cell and all cell needs continuous supply and this is why cell respiration being an essential function of life in all cells.
U2. ATP from cell respiration is immediately available as a source of energy in the cell
Cell requires energy when:
-Synthesize large molecules like DNA, RNA and proteins
-Pumping molecules or ions across membranes by active transport
-Moving things around inside the cell, ex) chromosomes, vesicles, muscle cells the protein fibres that cause muscle contraction.
= Energy for all of these process is supplied by ATP.
Advantage of ATP as an energy supply: Energy is immediately available. Released simply by splitting ATP into ADP and phosphate. (These can be reconverted to ATP)
-Energy from ATP used in cells, ultimately all converted to heat
Heat cannot be reused for cell activities and this is why cells require a continual source of ATP for cell activities.
Summarize: Controlled/ released of energy from organic compounds in cell to form ATP
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a high energy molecule that functions as an immediate source of power for cell processes
-One molecule of ATP contains three covalently linked phosphate groups – which store potential energy in their bonds
-When ATP is hydrolysed (to form ADP + Pi) the energy stored in the phosphate bond is released to be used by the cell
-Cell respiration uses energy stored in organic molecules to regenerate ATP from ADP + Pi (via oxidation)
-Synthesize large molecules like DNA, RNA and proteins
-Pumping molecules or ions across membranes by active transport
-Moving things around inside the cell, ex) chromosomes, vesicles, muscle cells the protein fibres that cause muscle contraction.
= Energy for all of these process is supplied by ATP.
Advantage of ATP as an energy supply: Energy is immediately available. Released simply by splitting ATP into ADP and phosphate. (These can be reconverted to ATP)
-Energy from ATP used in cells, ultimately all converted to heat
Heat cannot be reused for cell activities and this is why cells require a continual source of ATP for cell activities.
Summarize: Controlled/ released of energy from organic compounds in cell to form ATP
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a high energy molecule that functions as an immediate source of power for cell processes
-One molecule of ATP contains three covalently linked phosphate groups – which store potential energy in their bonds
-When ATP is hydrolysed (to form ADP + Pi) the energy stored in the phosphate bond is released to be used by the cell
-Cell respiration uses energy stored in organic molecules to regenerate ATP from ADP + Pi (via oxidation)
U3. Anaerobic cell respiration gives a small yield of ATP from glucose
-Glucose broken down in anaerobic cell respiration without using any oxygen.
-Useful in:
(Yield of ATP relatively small but ATP can be produced quickly)
-When short bur rapid burst of ATP production is needed
-When oxygen suppliers run out in respiring cells
-In environments that r deficient in oxygen
-Product in ATP for human and animals:
-> Glucose -----(ADP-> ATP) → Lactate
-Occurs in yeasts and plants
- Glucose -----(ADP->ATP) → ethanol + CO2
-Useful in:
(Yield of ATP relatively small but ATP can be produced quickly)
-When short bur rapid burst of ATP production is needed
-When oxygen suppliers run out in respiring cells
-In environments that r deficient in oxygen
-Product in ATP for human and animals:
-> Glucose -----(ADP-> ATP) → Lactate
-Occurs in yeasts and plants
- Glucose -----(ADP->ATP) → ethanol + CO2
U4. Aerobic cell respiration requires oxygen to gives a large yield of ATP from glucose
-If oxygen available to cell. Glucose can be more fully broken down to release greater quantity of energy than in anaerobic cell respiration.
-But yield of ATP is only 2 molecules per glucose with anaerobic cell respiration. (more than 30 per glucose with aerobic cell respiration)
-Involves series of chemical reaction, co2 and h20 produced.
-CO2 is waste product that has to be excreted in most organisms but h20 is often useful.
Glucose + Oxygen -----(ADP to ATP) → CO2+H2O
-Eukaryotic cell: most of the reactions aerobic cell respiration
-Aerobic cell respiration requires the presence of oxygen and takes place within the mitochondrion
-Pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide and water, and a large amount of ATP is produced (~34 – 36 molecules)
-Although aerobic respiration typically begins with glycolysis in carbohydrates, glycolysis itself is an anaerobic process
-Aerobic respiration consists of the link reaction, citric acid cycle (or Krebs cycle) and the electron transport chain
-But yield of ATP is only 2 molecules per glucose with anaerobic cell respiration. (more than 30 per glucose with aerobic cell respiration)
-Involves series of chemical reaction, co2 and h20 produced.
-CO2 is waste product that has to be excreted in most organisms but h20 is often useful.
Glucose + Oxygen -----(ADP to ATP) → CO2+H2O
-Eukaryotic cell: most of the reactions aerobic cell respiration
-Aerobic cell respiration requires the presence of oxygen and takes place within the mitochondrion
-Pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide and water, and a large amount of ATP is produced (~34 – 36 molecules)
-Although aerobic respiration typically begins with glycolysis in carbohydrates, glycolysis itself is an anaerobic process
-Aerobic respiration consists of the link reaction, citric acid cycle (or Krebs cycle) and the electron transport chain