Studies summaries

Models of memory

Types of memory

• Procedural: unconscious of how to do skills
• Declarative: memories of facts and events’ conscious
  • Semantic: general knowledge of facts and people
  • Episodic: memory of specific events

Multi-store model(MSM)

• Case study: HM
• Glanzer and Cuntiz(1966) - can be used to explain these phenomena
  • Primacy effect- remember things at the start
  • Recency effect – remember things at the end
• -ve:
  • Assumption of multiple memory stores
  • Too simplistic
    • Cannot explain shallow/deep memory, distortions, why something is easy/hard to remember

Working Memory Model(WMM)​

• Central Executive: responsible for allocating resources between the other components
• Episodic Buffer: temporarily holds several sources of information active at the same time
• Visuo-spatial sketchpad- hold visual and spatial information
• Phonological loop- 2 parts
  •  ‘inner ear’ – hold a sound in passive manner
  • Articulatory control system – turns visual speech information into sounds and rewords to increase duration
    • Articulatory suppression –
      • repeat a sequence of sounds while at the same time performing the experimental task eg. ‘1,2,1,2,1,2…’
      • blocks inner ear
      • Landry and Bartling(2011)
  • +ve:
    • Better than MSM
    • Can explain multi-task
  • -ve:
    • Only explains STM, not LTM
    • Testing is complex
    • Central executive is unclear
    • How various components interact is not clear
    • Cannot explain memory distortions/traumatic event

schema theory

• Schema: mental representation that influence our knowledge, belief and expectation.
• Script: schema about sequences of actions or events
• Anderson and Pichert(1978) – schema affect retrieval which is extracting information from LTM.
• Brewer and Treyens(1981) – more likely to remember things congruent(in line) with schema.
• -ve:
  • Concept is too vague
  • Cannot be observed
  • Does not have cross-cultural researcher
  • Cannot predict exactly what

Thinking and decision making

Theory of planned Behavior

1. Attitude – how you feel about the outcome?
2. Subjective norm- how others feel about the outcome?
3. Perceived behavioural control- can you do the outcome?
4. Behavioural intention – the predisposition to act based on the belief that a particular behaviour will lead to a particular outcome

• Macro-scale model – models that focus on observable actions
• Albarracin et al(2001) – confirms predictive validity of TPB in domain of condom use.

Adaptive decision-maker framework(ADMF)

• Micro-scale model – focuses on the process that is happening inside the mind.
• People have a toolbox of strategies that they use in various situations
  • 4 meta-goals that guides strategies chosen:
  1. Max. ease of justification
  2. Min. experience of -ve emotion
  3. Min. cognitive effort
  4. Max. decision accuracy
• Attribute-strategies
  • Lexicographic(LEX) – identifies the most important aspect and picks the one with the best of this aspect
  • Elimination by aspect(EBA) – chose best of options, then if not go to the next best
• Alternative-based strategies
  • Weighted additive(WADD) – weighted with scores
  • Satisficing(SAT) – cannot be less than x score.

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Information is mostly complied from:
​​Popov, Alexey. Psychology: for the IB Diploma. 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, 2018.
Crane, John. “IB Psychology.” ThinkIB Student Pages, www.student.thinkib.net/psychology?lg=8007.
Photo: Levine, Barry. “Now Entering... the Age of Cognitive Marketing.” MarTech Today, 17 Mar. 2016, martechtoday.com/now-entering-age-cognitive-marketing-169117.
Diagrams in order:
Mcleod, Saul. “Multi Store Model of Memory.” Atkinson and Shiffrin | Multi Store Model of Memory | Simply Psychology, 5 Feb. 2017, www.simplypsychology.org/multi-store.html.
Mcleod, Saul. “Working Memory.” Working Memory | Simply Psychology, 5 Feb. 2017, 
O'Connor, Ryan. “Using Exercise Psychology: Theory of Planned Behaviour.” Absolute Balance, 21 Feb. 2018, absolutebalance.com.au/using-exercise-psychology-theory-of-planned-behaviour/.