Studies summaries
social identity theory(SIT)
- Social categorization – creates in-groups and out-groups.
- Social identification- adopts identity of in-group; individual identity partially comes from group membership -> social identity
- Social comparison – us vs. then
- In-group favouristism
- Out-group discrimination
- Positive distinctiveness – increase self-esteem by protecting group
- Abram et al(1990) – in-group perceived more correct
- Minimal group paradigm – experiment procedure that creates artificial groups for social categorization.
- Tajfel et al(1971) – social categorization is easy to trigger
- Can explain discrimination that does not have competition resources
Other studies:
- Chen et al(2005)
- Druey et al(2005)
- Charton and Hannon(2005)- naturalistic experiment on introduction of TV on St. Helene island.
social cognitive theory(SCT)
- Human learn behaviour through observation learning
- Attention -> retention -> motivation -> potential
- Depends on available models – people whose behaviour we observe
- Direct learning – when individual performs and experiences its consequences. Vs. Indirect learning – vicarious reinforcement which is from others
- Reciprocal determination – 3 factors(behaviour, personal factors and environmental factors) influences each other mutually to make the person learn the behaviour
- Identification – learning is more likely to occur if observer thinks they closely identifies with the model. – perceived similarity eg. Same sex
- Bandura et al(1961)
stereotype
- Make generalization a preconceived notion about a group of people; beliefs
- Social categorization from SIT
- Illusory correlation
- Attribution error – when people explain the cause of events or behaviour
- Def: person perceived a relationship between 2 events when in reality they are not related
- Hamilton and Gifford(1976) – event distinctiveness which is encountering a member of a minority group is a distinct event
- -ve:
- Disappear when judgement about groups are made simultaneously with the presentation of stimuli
- Disappear when there is an increase cognitive load
- Bio – insula and amygdala – Harris and Fiske
- Discrimination – Moss-Reacusin(2012) – harder for women to get job in science
- Stereotype threat – stereotyped group may reinforce the stereotype by change behaviour(self-fulling) due to increased anxiety when identity is salient.
- Steele and Aronson(1995)
Information is mostly complied from:
Popov, Alexey. Psychology: for the IB Diploma. 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, 2018.
Crane, John. “IB Psychology.” ThinkIB Student Pages, www.student.thinkib.net/psychology?lg=8007.
Photo: Sevim, Esma Nur. “Ellerinizle Canavar Yaratmak: Bobo Doll Deneyi.” İçerik Manya, 24 Feb. 2019, www.icerikmanya.com/ellerinizle-canavar-yaratmak-bobo-doll-deneyi/.
Popov, Alexey. Psychology: for the IB Diploma. 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, 2018.
Crane, John. “IB Psychology.” ThinkIB Student Pages, www.student.thinkib.net/psychology?lg=8007.
Photo: Sevim, Esma Nur. “Ellerinizle Canavar Yaratmak: Bobo Doll Deneyi.” İçerik Manya, 24 Feb. 2019, www.icerikmanya.com/ellerinizle-canavar-yaratmak-bobo-doll-deneyi/.