Studies summaries

social identity theory(SIT)

• Social categorization – creates in-groups and out-groups.
• Social identification- adopts identity of in-group; individual identity partially comes from group membership -> social identity
• Social comparison – us vs. then
  • In-group favouristism
  • Out-group discrimination
  • Positive distinctiveness – increase self-esteem by protecting group
  • Abram et al(1990) – in-group perceived more correct
• Minimal group paradigm – experiment procedure that creates artificial groups for social categorization.
  • Tajfel et al(1971) – social categorization is easy to trigger
• Can explain discrimination that does not have competition resources

Other studies:

• Chen et al(2005)
• Druey et al(2005)
• Charton and Hannon(2005)- naturalistic experiment on introduction of TV on St. Helene island.

social cognitive theory(SCT)

• Human learn behaviour through observation learning
• Attention -> retention -> motivation -> potential
• Depends on available models – people whose behaviour we observe
• Direct learning – when individual performs and experiences its consequences. Vs. Indirect learning – vicarious reinforcement which is from others
• Reciprocal determination – 3 factors(behaviour, personal factors and environmental factors) influences each other mutually to make the person learn the behaviour
• Identification – learning is more likely to occur if observer thinks they closely identifies with the model. – perceived similarity eg. Same sex
• Bandura et al(1961)

stereotype

• Make generalization a preconceived notion about a group of people; beliefs

Formation:

• Social categorization from SIT
• Illusory correlation
  • Attribution error – when people explain the cause of events or behaviour
  • Def: person perceived a relationship between 2 events when in reality they are not related
  • Hamilton and Gifford(1976) – event distinctiveness which is encountering a member of a minority group is a distinct event
  • -ve:
    • Disappear when judgement about groups are made simultaneously with the presentation of stimuli
    • Disappear when there is an increase cognitive load
• Bio – insula and amygdala – Harris and Fiske

​Effects:

• Discrimination – Moss-Reacusin(2012) – harder for women to get job in science
• Stereotype threat – stereotyped group may reinforce the stereotype by change behaviour(self-fulling) due to increased anxiety when identity is salient.
• Steele and Aronson(1995)

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Information is mostly complied from:
​​Popov, Alexey. Psychology: for the IB Diploma. 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, 2018.
Crane, John. “IB Psychology.” ThinkIB Student Pages, www.student.thinkib.net/psychology?lg=8007.
Photo: ​Sevim, Esma Nur. “Ellerinizle Canavar Yaratmak: Bobo Doll Deneyi.” İçerik Manya, 24 Feb. 2019, www.icerikmanya.com/ellerinizle-canavar-yaratmak-bobo-doll-deneyi/.