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      • Topic 1: Measurements and Uncertainties
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Topic 2: mechanics

This note consists of Short Youtube Lecture Videos for each subtopic. Source: Andy Masley, IB Physics Teacher, https://andymasley.com/2-mechanics/

2.1: Motion
​Video Lectures:
  • Motion Maps/Dot Diagrams
  • Distance & Displacement
  • Speed & Velocity
  • Average vs. Instantaneous
  • Position-Time Graphs
  • Velocity-Time Graphs Part 1: Constant Velocity & Area Under the Curve
  • Translating Between Position-Time and Velocity-Time Graphs
  • Acceleration
  • Velocity-Time Graphs Part 2: Changing Velocity & Slope
  • Acceleration-Time Graphs
  • Translating Graphs
  • Kinematic Equations
  • Proof of Kinematic Equations
  • Free Fall
  • 2D Projectile Motion Kinematics
  • Air Resistance on Projectiles​
Equations Given in IB Test Packet:
Picture

​2.2: Forces
Video Lectures:
  • Forces & Free Body Diagrams
  • Common Forces
  • Force Webs
  • Finding the Net Force
  • Mass vs. Weight
  • Static vs. Kinetic Friction
  • Newton’s First Law
  • Newton’s Second Law
  • Newton’s Third Law
  • Ramp Problems​
Equations Given in IB Test Packet:
Picture

​2.3: Work, Energy, and Power
Video Lectures:
  • Work
  • Work & Energy
  • Kinetic Energy
  • Gravitational Potential Energy
  • Elastic Potential Energy
  • Thermal Energy
  • Other Types of Energy
  • Open & Closed Systems in Energy
  • LOL Diagrams
  • Force Distance Graphs
  • 2 Example Energy Conservation Problems
  • Power
  • Efficiency
  • Sankey Diagrams
Equations Given in IB Test Packet:
Picture

​2.4: Momentum and Impulse​

Video Lectures:
  • What is Momentum?
  • Impulse & Force time Graphs
  • Conservation of Momentum
  • Open & Closed Systems in Momentum
  • Collisions
Equations given in IB Test Packet:
Picture
Definition of Momentum:
Variable: p,     Unit: Ns or kgms^-1     Equation: p = mv
The momentum of an object is its mass x its velocity. An easy way to think about momentum is “how difficult it is to make an object stop.” So a truck moving at 5 m/s has more momentum than a bike moving at 5 m/s because the truck has more inertia (more mass) than the bike and would be more difficult to slow to a stop. A baseball moving at 90 m/s has more momentum than the same baseball moving at 5 m/s, because the faster object will take more force to stop. A stopped truck has no momentum because it requires no effort to stop. More specifically, momentum can be thought of as the amount of force x the amount of time required to make an object stop. For example, an object with 10 Ns of momentum could be stopped by a force of 10 Newtons applied for 1 second, 5 Newtons applied for 2 seconds, or 1 Newton applied for 10 seconds.
Worksheet – Solution Video

​Why do we care about momentum?

All concepts in physics are just tools for solving problems. Momentum is just a name we gave to Mass x Velocity because mv has very specific properties that make problem solving easy. We could give any combination of variables a name, but not all combinations of variables are useful for problem solving.

Why is momentum useful for problem solving?
The total amount of momentum in the universe never changes (this will be proved below). Because it never changes, it is very predictable. As an example, if an object has 20 Ns of momentum, and it drops to 12 Ns of momentum, we know that some other object must have gained 8 Ns of momentum, because the missing 8 Ns cannot disappear from the universe. We say that a quantity is conserved if it can never be created or destroyed, so momentum is a conserved quantity.


Impulse
Variable: Δp      Unit: Ns or kgms^-1.     Equation: Δp = (p-final – p-start) = Ft

Impulse is the force applied on an object x the time it is applied for. It is also equal to the change in momentum caused by that force. We can prove this for an object that keeps its mass but changes its velocity:

Δp = (p-final – p-start) = m*(v-final) – m*(v-start) = m*(v-final – v-start) = m*Δv = m*(Δv/t)*t (we can always multiply and divide an equation by the same number) = ma*t = F*t (because F = ma).

Worksheet – Solution Video

Proof that Momentum is Conserved:
Momentum is mv. We will assume for now that the masses of objects do not change, so the only way to change momentum is to change velocity.

We know from Newton’s Second Law that every force an object experiences is a vector equal to the object’s mass x the acceleration created by that force. 

We know from Newton’s Third Law that the only way object 1 can experience a force from object 2 is if it also creates a force of the same magnitude in the opposite direction on object 2.

So Newton’s Third Law shows that Force on object 1 = -Force on object 2 (the negative indicates opposite direction). We can multiply both sides by the time the forces are applied. These times are the same, because it’s not possible for object 1 to apply a force on object 2 for a longer time than object 2 applies the reaction force back on object 1. So we get (Force on object 1)*t = (-Force on object 2)*t. Because Ft = impulse = Δp, this equation shows that Δp object 1 = -Δp object 2. This means that however much momentum is gained by object 1 will be lost by object 2, so the momentum can never just disappear. It is conserved.

Conservation of Momentum Problems:

Open vs. Closed Systems in Momentum:
Momentum is always conserved, but there are objects we cannot do calculations with. For example, if a ball impacts the ground, its momentum is transferred to the Earth, but the Earth is too big and has too much momentum to accurately predict its change in motion. Momentum is still conserved, but the values in our equation become so big that we cannot do math with them. Describing systems as opened or closed is a way to deal with this problem.

A system is a set of objects. That’s all. We can include any objects we would like in our system. Some possible systems: my coffee cup, my coffee cup and the table, my coffee cup and my table and the Great Pyramid of Giza, a bird, a bird and the Earth, a bird and the Earth and the black hole at the center of the galaxy. What I’m trying to show is that we can call any combination of objects a system.

A closed system is a system where momentum does not enter or leave the system. The objects in the system can give momentum to each other, but no outside objects can gain or lose momentum from the objects. 

An open system is a system where momentum enters or leaves the system from an outside object.

Force-Time Graphs:

Background picture: Mechanics Desktop Background https://hipwallpaper.com/mechanics-desktop-backgrounds/
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  • Home
  • IB STUDY MATERIALS
    • Psychology SL/HL >
      • Tips & Guide
      • Biological Approach >
        • Brain and Behaviour
        • Hormones and Pheromones
        • Genetics and Evolution
        • HL Animal Research
      • Sociocultural Approach >
        • Individual and the group
        • Cultural Origins
        • Cultural Influences
        • HL Globalization
      • Cognitive Approach >
        • Cognitive Processing
        • Reliability of Cognitive Processes
        • Emotion and Cognition
        • HL Digital World
      • B. Human Relationships >
        • Personal Relationships
        • Group Dynamics
      • D. Developmental >
        • Developing as a Learner
        • Developing an Identity
      • Studies >
        • Biological Approach
        • Sociocultural Approach
        • Cognitive Approach
        • B. Human Relationships
        • D. Developmental
    • Chemistry SL/HL >
      • Tips & Guide
      • All Vocab Definitions
      • ALL EQUATIONS
      • Unit 1,2 & 12
      • Unit 3 &13
      • Unit 4 &14
      • Unit 5,6,7 & 15,16,17
      • Unit 8 & 18
      • Unit 9 & 19
      • Unit 10 & 20
      • Unit 11 & 21
      • Option D: Medicinal Chemistry >
        • D.1 PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS AND DRUG ACTION
        • D.2 Aspirin and penicillin
        • D.3 Opiates
        • D.4 pH Regulation of the Stomach
        • D.5 Antiviral Medications
        • D.6 Environmental impact of some medications
        • D.7 Taxol- A Chiral Auxiliary Case Study
        • D.8 Nuclear Medicine
        • D.9 Drug Detection and Analysis
    • Biology SL >
      • Tips & Guides
      • TOPIC 1: CELL BIOLOGY >
        • 1.1 Introduction to cells
        • 1.2 Ultrastructure of Cells
        • 1.3 Membrane Structure
        • 1.4 Membrane Transport
        • 1.5 Origin of Cells
        • 1.6 Cell Division
      • TOPIC 2: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY >
        • 2.1 Molecules to metabolism
        • 2.2 Water
        • 2.3 Carbohydrates and Lipids
        • 2.4 Proteins
        • 2.5 Enzymes
        • 2.6 Structure of DNA and RNA
        • 2.7 DNA Replications, Transcription and Translation
        • 2.8 Cell Respiration
        • 2.9 Photosynthesis
      • Topic 3: Genetics >
        • 3.1 Genes
        • 3.2 Chromosomes
        • 3.3 Meiosis
        • 3.4 Inheritance
        • 3.5 Genetic Modification and Biotechnology
      • Topic 4: Ecology >
        • 4.1: Species, Communities and Ecosystems
        • 4.2 Energy Flow
        • 4.3 Carbon Cycling
        • 4.4 Climate Change
      • Topic 5: Evolution and Biodiversity >
        • 5.1 Evidence for evolution
        • 5.2 Natural Selection
        • 5.3 Classification and Biodiversity
        • 5.4 Cladistics
      • Topic 6: Human Physiology >
        • 6.1 Digestive System
        • 6.2 The blood system
        • 6.3 Defense against infectious disease
        • 6.4 Gas Exchange
        • 6.5 Neurons and Synapses
        • 6.6 Hormones, Homeostasis and Reproduction
    • Physics SL >
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      • IA, Lab Report
      • Topic 1: Measurements & Uncertainties
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      • Topic 4: Waves
      • Topic 5: Electricity & Magnetism
      • Topic 6: Circular Motion & Gravitation
      • Topic 7: Atomic, Nuclear, & Particle Physics
      • Topic 8: Energy Production
      • Option D: Astrophysics
    • Geography SL/HL >
      • Tips & guide
      • Unit 1: Changing population
      • Unit 2: Global climate—vulnerability and resilience
      • Unit 3: Global resource consumption and security
      • Unit 4: Power, Places and Networks
      • Unit 5: Human Development and Diversity
      • Unit 6: Global Risks and Resillience
      • Option A: Freshwater
      • Option B: Ocean and Coastal Margins
      • Option C: Extreme Environments
      • Option E: Leisure, tourism and sport
    • Business SL/HL(pending) >
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      • Unit 1: Business Organization and Movement >
        • 1.1 Nature of Business
        • 1.2 Types of Organizations
        • 1.3 Organizational objectives
        • 1.4 Stakeholders
        • 1.5 External Environment
        • 1.6 Growth and evolution
      • Unit 2: Human Resource Management >
        • 2.1 The functions and evolution of human resource management
        • 2.2 Organizational structure
        • 2.3 Leadership and management
        • 2.4 Motivation
      • Unit 3: Finance and Accounts >
        • 3.1 Sources of Finance
        • 3.2 Costs and Revenues
        • 3.3 Break-even analysis
        • 3.4 Final accounts
        • 3.5 Profitability and liquidity ratio analysis
        • 3.7 cash flow
      • Unit 4: Marketing >
        • 4.1 The role of marketing
        • 4.2 Marketing Planning
        • 4.4 Market Research
        • 4.5 The four ps
        • 4.8 E-commerce
      • Unit 5: Operations Management >
        • 5.1 The role of operations Management
        • 5.2 Production methods
        • 5.4 Locations
    • Economics SL/HL (pending) >
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      • MICROECONOMICS >
        • 1.1 Competitive Markets: Demand and Supply
      • macroeconomics
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      • Physics EE
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    • Other notes >
      • Topic 1: Measurements and Uncertainties
      • Topic 2: Mechanics
      • Topic 3: Thermal Physics
      • Topic 4: Waves
      • Topic 5: Electricity and Magnetism
      • Topic 6: Circular Motion and Gravitation
      • Topic 7: Atomic, Nuclear and Particle Physics
      • Topic 8: Energy Production
      • Option D: Astrophysics
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    • United Kingdom >
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  • our warm advice
    • academic advice!
    • Toxic Productivity
    • Finding Your Balance
    • Giving Up
    • YOLO?
    • Are grades important
    • Danger of Quotes
    • How to Destress
  • About us