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Different maps to show population
1) dot map(shows exact location, can’t see population under 100000) 2) ooze map 3) land area by population size 4) choropleth (average population by country border) |
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Types of countries
- HIC (annual income above $12475)
- Developed, high standard of living.
- Japan, Germany
- High population (5b), 1/3 of the global GDP
- Pakistan, Kenya
- No electricity, privacy…
- Eritrea, Somalia
- countries that experienced rapid industrial, social and economic growth since 1960. (Singapore, South Korea)
- low but rising Human Development Index, living standard(especially middle class), industrial base, large national corporation, strong foreign direct investment, rapid growth in urban center, increased economic freedom(free market), from agricultural sector to manufacture, less risk from political instability
- BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India, China) constitutes ½ of population, ¼ of landmass, 1/5 of GDP. ‘trillion dollar club’
- MINT (Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey)
- Socialist countries under strict government control. Living standards are higher than LEDCs, but personal freedom is limited.( e.g.North Korea)
- Oil-Rich Countries
- Rich income, uneven distribution
+ history of population growth: Europe had increased population during the industrial revolution. Population remained stagnant during the WWI, II and epidemic, and all countries’ population increased during the development.
Case Study: national scale population comparison
1) CHINA
- China’s population: uneven.
- Physical reasons
+ history of Chinese economy: Under influence of Mao, China had strong central control and series of ‘Five Year Plans’ – Great Leap Forward. After cultural revolution, opening of Chinese economy. Foreign direct investment.
(GDP risen from less than $150 billion in 1978 to $8.227 billion in 2012.)
+ internal migration of china: since 1978, 160m people migrated from rural China to urban China. Migration accounts for 20% of China’s GDP.
- China’s population: uneven.
- Highly concentrated to regions along the eastern seaboard and the three rivers (Yangtze, Yellow, Zhujiang) Megacities: Shanghai (34m), Guangzhou, Beijing (over 400people/km2)
- Medium density: bordering the areas of Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Northwest Xianjiang (energy sources)
- Low density in the far west: Tibet, Gansu, Northwest Xianjiang (with exception of Urunqi) (less than 50people/km2)
- Physical reasons
- Relief: flat areas in valley and coastal plains
- Transport: access by water river, canals, seaports are easy/ access to silk route (Xian, Wuhan, Urunqi)
- Water: access to year-round water via river and adequate precipitation
- Climate: moderate without extreme cold weather, hot summer, or excessive rain
- Soil: fertile farmland to supply food to the population
- Minerals: access to raw materials (port and mine) for use in the industry
- The need to send remittance
- GDP correlation (rick areas attract a high population) – rural-urban migration pattern.
- Opportunity for higher paid jobs (shanghai: average salary of about 30000 RMB)
- City attraction
- Hukou system limits movement
- New cities planned, set with 5-year plans, which spreads the population and forecast growth will be along the new silk route.
- Planned special economic zones for free trade, like shanghai with ports
- The export zone attracts foreign investment
+ history of Chinese economy: Under influence of Mao, China had strong central control and series of ‘Five Year Plans’ – Great Leap Forward. After cultural revolution, opening of Chinese economy. Foreign direct investment.
(GDP risen from less than $150 billion in 1978 to $8.227 billion in 2012.)
+ internal migration of china: since 1978, 160m people migrated from rural China to urban China. Migration accounts for 20% of China’s GDP.
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2) NIGER
- Niger problems: inefficient agriculture, high fertility rate and overpopulation, poor education and poverty, lack of infrastructure, poor health care, environmental degradation.
- Population: uneven.
- Niger problems: inefficient agriculture, high fertility rate and overpopulation, poor education and poverty, lack of infrastructure, poor health care, environmental degradation.
- Population: uneven.
- High population is concentrated near the south border. High population regions (26-250) in Dosso, south of Tilaberi…. Highest population distributed in such region, especially cities (251-1000) like Capital city(Niamey). This area takes up 5/6 of the country’s land mass. Rest of the region has sparse population (0-5), for the north, mid-region near the Sahara desert and the mountain. The anomaly is due to uranium mining in some desert regions, and slave trade/trafficking in Agadez.
- Compared to china, it is generally low population density(land-locked country), greater contrast between populated and sparse region, bigger areas with low density (because the extreme desert climate has made the region inhabitable.
- Government policies have been in favour of urban development, by proposedly and continuously creating employment opportunities, educational opportunities (enhanced rural-urban migration.)
- high proportion of migrants in many cities (Abia – 48.7%), as more than 10% of Nigerians are lifetime migrants or live in states other than their states of birth.
- high precipitation of 700-900mm on the south edge, 300-700mm on the southern hald, and the rest (Sahara desert) less than 250mm)
- the lower regions are more suitable for agriculture with more diverse and nutritious soil (savanna, grassland)
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Terminology for Population Description
- Crude birth rate – number of live births per 1000 of the population peer year
- Crude death rate – number of deaths per 1000 per year
- Natural increase – BR minus DR, any year.
- Population projection (prediction of future population and structure growth based on computing current trends of TRF, DR and dependency ratios)
- Dependency ratio: ratio between those in non-economically active age group (under 15, over 65) and the economically active age (15 to 64)
- Sex ratio: greater than 100: more males than females, vice versa. (natural sex ratio at birth is 105, due to both biological and cultural factors) – men death rates tend to be higher, because 1) tend to be in more risky behavior like fighting and smoking 2) more jobs with risks 3) killed in wars 4) depression, suicide higher by 3.5-5% then women
- Crude birth rate – number of live births per 1000 of the population peer year
- Crude death rate – number of deaths per 1000 per year
- Natural increase – BR minus DR, any year.
- Population projection (prediction of future population and structure growth based on computing current trends of TRF, DR and dependency ratios)
- Dependency ratio: ratio between those in non-economically active age group (under 15, over 65) and the economically active age (15 to 64)
- Sex ratio: greater than 100: more males than females, vice versa. (natural sex ratio at birth is 105, due to both biological and cultural factors) – men death rates tend to be higher, because 1) tend to be in more risky behavior like fighting and smoking 2) more jobs with risks 3) killed in wars 4) depression, suicide higher by 3.5-5% then women
Demographic transition model
The Population Pyramid
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- Stage 1: Concave sides, High BR DR, Short life expectancy
- Stage 2: Expansive, High BR falling DR, Increasing life expectancy
- Stage 3: Expansive, Straight sides, Declining BR Low death rate
- Stage 4: Contractive, Very low BR DR, Long life expectancy
+ it is possible that a pyramid could is not symmetrical, due to incoming migrants (high economically active population in men, but not the same pattern for women)
- Stage 2: Expansive, High BR falling DR, Increasing life expectancy
- Stage 3: Expansive, Straight sides, Declining BR Low death rate
- Stage 4: Contractive, Very low BR DR, Long life expectancy
+ it is possible that a pyramid could is not symmetrical, due to incoming migrants (high economically active population in men, but not the same pattern for women)
Population dividend
- Shift from a high youthful population into being economically active. (along with decline in fertility, allowing faster economic growth)
- This occurs over a short amount of time, and it is not an automatic process. Some factors include
- Health (strong system, family planning
- High quality education, involvement of girls
- Stable government
- Strong economy (good trade policy, TNC…)
- Population structure (lower fertility, more resource to invest per child)
Population momentum
- Tendency for population to grow despite a fall in BR or FL(fertility rate)
- with a youthful structure, young people will reach maturity, the rate of births will continue to exceed the number of deaths)
Megacity
- a city having a population of over 10 million : this includes Tokyo Jakarta Indonesia Beijing New York.
- In 2030 two thirds of people will live in urban world
- most explosive growth of Megacities are in developing countries
- Migration (increased job opportunities, better pay, better education, political stability)
- Natural growth (declining mortality rate)
- Colonial influence
- Physical advantage of the region (port, fertile land, resource access.
- Industrialization and growth of NIC
Case study: contemporary megacity experiencing rapid growth- Shanghai
*Cost of one department is about €1 million for 80 m². 7000 billionaires years currently reside in SH
- Opportunity
*Cost of one department is about €1 million for 80 m². 7000 billionaires years currently reside in SH
- Opportunity
- Entertainment such as dancing and alleys shopping expo
- education (lots of money to foster kids from daycare) (Technologies such as videos from other countries) (public service- most extensive Subway network Channel in the world -punctual/ cheap/ extensive)
- Business (many opportunity for startup) (could applied technology to mass market) (huge investment and subsidy of start up businesses)
- Good industry (container port)
- Need to work hard (pay for the family outside)
- Family is separated to in Different regions due to the Hukou policy
- Space issues (50% of the lives in less than 5% area)
- Smoke from the cars, acid rain
- Flooding -the city is 4 m above sea level
Terminology for forced migration and internal displacement
- Definition: The migration could be categorized by
- Refugee – a person who has been forced to leave the country in order to escape or persecution or natural disaster and has been granted spatial status to remain in their country of destination
- Economic migrant- person who travels from one country or area to another in order to improve their standard of living
- Definition: The migration could be categorized by
- length of stay – temporary permanent
- distance traveled – internal external
- reason for migration- Forced voluntary
- Refugee – a person who has been forced to leave the country in order to escape or persecution or natural disaster and has been granted spatial status to remain in their country of destination
- Economic migrant- person who travels from one country or area to another in order to improve their standard of living
Forced migration example 1: Eritrea to Europe
+*22% of the asylum-seekers in Europe is Eritrean, ranking the second- about 5000 migrate each month and it is a major part in global migration migration crisis since the World War II
Intervening obstacles
+ Majority of the forest migrants moved to Italy, but only a tiny fraction are likely to obtain formal refugee status. They are not moving out of the system fast enough
Intervening obstacles
- Desert (heat dehydration)
- criminal gangs (torture)
- hunger
- road accident especially in the P1 highway where there is the military checkpoint
- human trafficking
- having to cross the Mediterranean
- smuggler
- other uncertainties
+ Majority of the forest migrants moved to Italy, but only a tiny fraction are likely to obtain formal refugee status. They are not moving out of the system fast enough
Forced Migration Example 2: Syria
The Syrian refugee crisis happened due to the civil conflict that started in 2011. a significant number of people call for political reform. The Arab spring, and during that time ISIS took the chance to inflict strict rule on large amounts of Syrian population. this lead to other Civil War and proxy worse
impact on the region-border countries
impact on Europe
The Syrian refugee crisis happened due to the civil conflict that started in 2011. a significant number of people call for political reform. The Arab spring, and during that time ISIS took the chance to inflict strict rule on large amounts of Syrian population. this lead to other Civil War and proxy worse
- the conflict has caused 47500 to die,
- the GDP per capita has also dropped to $5100
- more than million houses happen destroyed
- polluted water courses
- farming has become increasingly difficult
- 13m are in need of humanitarian assistance
- diseases like polio has increased
impact on the region-border countries
- the Zaatari camp in Jordan houses 83000 people in 5sqkm area.
- Lebanon: this has led to raising tensions between Lebanon’s 4 million people nearly 1.5 million Syrian citizens. Lack of water facilities, infrastructure and jobs
impact on Europe
- Asylum seekers increased from 200000 in 2006 to 1.3m in 2015/2016. (civil war in Syria, Iraq, instability in Afghanistan)
- in short-term:economic impact likely to be slightly positive. (Housing, food,medical needs, education, Financial support before they are ready to work) By end of 2017 GDP in Austria and Germany and Sweden who have been boosted by 0.5% 0.3% 0.4%
- In a long term: the picture becomes murkier. (having to leave the people into the economic fabric. Qualifications are no longer recognized. A large language barrier. In many countries asylum-seekers are not only allowed to work all their claims are being processed. Even in Germany only 12% of refugees have found employment.)
Ageing Population
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Policies associated with managing population change
- Gender and equity policies
- Anti-trafficking policies
Trafficking: serious sort of crime that exploits human as forced labour, sexual slavery and exploitation, targeting poor, uneducated people
- Anti-natalist policies: china
One child rule (which has recently been abolished)
- Pro-natalist policies: japan
Cause
- Gender and equity policies
- Chinese government trying to change social attitudes
- Greater gender equality lower fertility rate (removing the imperative for couples to produce a son who will inherit the family’s wealth of name) (reduction in female infanticide)
- Posters with slogan ‘daughters are as good as sons’
- Increase in cost of raising a male heir (traditionally family who could buy property for son could marry)
- Female role models (Zhang Yin, head of a recycled paper company) (8 out of the 10 world richest self-made women are Chinese)
- Anti-trafficking policies
Trafficking: serious sort of crime that exploits human as forced labour, sexual slavery and exploitation, targeting poor, uneducated people
- Trafficking of Nigerian women to Europe (for sexual exploitation, 10% of trafficked people are Nigerian women)
- Increased public awareness and designing policies
- UN 2003 protocol to prevent, support and punish trafficking in persons. (65%-25%, 2003-2006, the countries that lacked specific offenses to criminalize trafficking.
- Anti-natalist policies: china
One child rule (which has recently been abolished)
- Pro-natalist policies: japan
Cause
- Ageing and declining population
- Higher life expectancies (82 for men, 87 for women)
- Low fertility rate (1.26)
- Possible economic drop if elderly > youth
- Pension and tax (tax collection drops, need to invest on pension)
- Dropping economy (not enough for businesses. Government goes poor, shops and businesses fail)
- Less educated people (many children drop out of school in tow, not enough funding)
- Cash: ‘one time fertility allowance’ ‘fertility grant’ ‘parental leave grant’ after mother pregnant for 4 months till child graduates from middle school)
- Family week: maternity leave, childcare leave (combines to a year)
- Angel plan: enrich childcare facilities, maternal and child healthcare system, off-campus activities, family education
- New angel plan: support for women’s employment
- Still inevitable faced with huge cost (job change, declining income)
- Employers often disguise to improve the opportunity cost of female childcare.
- Cash for families: research suggests that it has no substantive significance for raising the birth rate
Case Study: country benefiting from demographic dividend – korea
+ after the demographic dividend, the dependency ratio increases again, with disproportionate number of old people (becomes a liability)
- In 1950s 42% of the population was under age 15
- The total fertility rate fell(it was 5.4 1950, 2.9 by 1975, 1.2 by 2005 – below the replacement level of 2.1)
- The government investment in family planning to reduce fertility and better health care to reduce death rates
- Educated and skilled working age population
- Moved from compulsory primary education offered in the 1950s to production-oriented education that would give the knowledge and skills they needed to achieve economic development
- Female participation In the labor force helped provide large or workers
- The government followed self-help programs (building dams, road, reafforesting rural lands to help provide jobs) but also developed national infrastructure
- They encouraged TNC and foreign direct investment to set up industry in urban areas which also provide jobs allowing rapid economic growth in South Korea
- Annual growth in per capita GDP was 6.7% between 1960 and 1990.
+ after the demographic dividend, the dependency ratio increases again, with disproportionate number of old people (becomes a liability)
Citations:
Nagle, Garrett, and Briony Cooke. Geography for the IB Diploma. Oxford University Press, 2017.
Sachdeva, Mohnish. “China-Populated-Country.” Stress Buster, 10 Apr. 2020, www.naukrinama.com/stressbuster/amazing-facts-about-china-and-chinese-people-that-make-them-unique-in-the-world/china-populated-country/.
“Geographers Tend to Use Dot Maps Represent Population Distributions. Dot Maps Use One Dot to Represent a Numbe...: Weather and Climate, Geography, Ap Human Geography.” Pinterest, www.pinterest.com/pin/399835273137317400/.
Restricted Data. “Population Density, Mapped As Dripping Ooze.” CO.DESIGN, 19 Mar. 2014, fastcodesign.tumblr.com/post/80023039162/population-density-mapped-as-dripping-ooze.
ME _ C. Sociales en el IES Los Sauces . “A whole new world: The amazing map based on population” April 2010, 29 Apr. 2010, bilinguesauces.blogspot.com/2010/04/.
“Choropleth Map Showing the Life Expectancy of People Around the World.” ChartsBin, 2015, chartsbin.com/view/36365.
Nagle, Garrett, and Briony Cooke. Geography for the IB Diploma. Oxford University Press, 2017.
Sachdeva, Mohnish. “China-Populated-Country.” Stress Buster, 10 Apr. 2020, www.naukrinama.com/stressbuster/amazing-facts-about-china-and-chinese-people-that-make-them-unique-in-the-world/china-populated-country/.
“Geographers Tend to Use Dot Maps Represent Population Distributions. Dot Maps Use One Dot to Represent a Numbe...: Weather and Climate, Geography, Ap Human Geography.” Pinterest, www.pinterest.com/pin/399835273137317400/.
Restricted Data. “Population Density, Mapped As Dripping Ooze.” CO.DESIGN, 19 Mar. 2014, fastcodesign.tumblr.com/post/80023039162/population-density-mapped-as-dripping-ooze.
ME _ C. Sociales en el IES Los Sauces . “A whole new world: The amazing map based on population” April 2010, 29 Apr. 2010, bilinguesauces.blogspot.com/2010/04/.
“Choropleth Map Showing the Life Expectancy of People Around the World.” ChartsBin, 2015, chartsbin.com/view/36365.